Desarrollo de un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster aplicado a secciones de cerebro humano / Development of a sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin applied to human brain slices

La plastinación es una técnica anatómica de conservación cadavérica creada en 1977 por Gunther von Hagens, en Heidelberg, Alemania, y que sustituye los líquidos biológicos y/o de fijación por acetona, para luego impregar las muestras con distintas resinas, dependiendo de la técnica de plastinación desarrollada, para finalmente llevar a cabo la polimerización de los componentes incorporados a las muestras, para obtener muestras biológicas secas y totalmente duraderas. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en desarrollar un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster (Biodur® P40) en secciones de 3 mm de espesor de cerebro humano. La muestras fueron fijadas y conservadas con formalina al 10 %. Los cerebros luego fueron seccionados con una maquina cortadora de tejidos, obteniéndose láminas delgadas de 3 mm de espesor. Inmediatamente los cortes de cerebro fueron colocados en deshidratación en acetona al 100 %, a -25 ºC, durante 7 días el primer baño de acetona, y durante otros 3 días más, para el segundo baño de acetona. Una vez deshidratados los cortes, estos fueron colocados en resina poliéster Biodur® P40 y se llevó a cabo la impregnación forzada de los cortes, en cámara de vacío a temperatura ambiente (20 ºC). Una vez finalizada la impregnación forzada, se procedió a la etapa de curado, la cual en primer lugar consiste en el armado de las cámaras de curado dentro de las cuales se colocaran los cortes con resina poliéster. Las cámaras de curado fueron colocadas bajo luz UV para acelerar la polimerización del poliéster y finalizar el proceso de plastinación. Se logró desarrollar satisfactoriamente en el Laboratorio de Plastinación y Técnicas Anatómicas de la Universidad de La Frontera un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster, obteniendo una excelente conservación de cortes de cerebro, con diferenciación de sustancias gris y blanca, y conservación de todas las características morfológicas.

Plastination is an anatomical technique of cadaveric conservation created in 1977 by Gunther von Hagens, in Heidelberg, Germany, and that substitutes biological and / or fixation fluids with acetone, to then impregnate the samples with different resins, depending on the developed plastination technique, to finally carry out the polymerization of the components incorporated into the samples, to obtain dry and totally durable biological samples. The aim of this work was to develop a sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in 3 mm thick slices of human brain. The samples were fixed and preserved with 10 % formalin. The brains were sectioned with a slice cut machine, obtaining thin sheets of 3 mm thick. Immediately the slices of brain were placed in dehydration in 100 % acetone, at -25 °C, for 7 days the first acetone bath, and for another 3 more days, for the second acetone bath. Once the cuts were dehydrated, they were placed in Biodur® P40 polyester resin and the forced impregnation was carried out in a vacuum chamber at room temperature (20 °C). Once the forced impregnation was finished, the curing stage was carried out, which first consists in the assembly of the curing chambers within which the slices with polyester resin were placed. The curing chambers were placed under UV light to accelerate the polymerization of the polyester and finished the plastination process. A sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin was successfully developed in the Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques of Universidad de La Frontera, obtaining excellent conservation of brain slices, with differentiation of gray and white substances, and conservation of all morphological characteristics.

Tensile and transverse strength of novel copolymers for denture base

Objectives: Compare tensile and transverse strength of new copolymers for denture base. Materials and methods: The specimens were prepared from heat cured acrylic resin with three types of additives: Acryester B, Ethoxycarbonylethylene, and Propenoic acid at a percentage of 5% and 10%. The tensile and transverse strains were tested, recorded and compared. Results: The analysis of variance display statistically significant difference. The p-value was 0.001 for each of tensile and transverse strain tests. Conclusions: The tensile strength of the novel copolymers increased. The transverse strength of some of the novel copolymers increased.

Fluoride release and uptake in enhanced bioactivity glass ionomer cement ("glass carbomer™") compared with conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements

Abstract Objectives To study the fluoride uptake and release properties of glass carbomer dental cements and compare them with those of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers. Materials and Methods Three materials were used, as follows: glass carbomer (Glass Fill), conventional glass ionomer (Chemfil Rock) and resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC). For all materials, specimens (sets of six) were matured at room temperature for time intervals of 10 minutes, 1 hour and 6 weeks, then exposed to either deionized water or sodium fluoride solution (1000 ppm in fluoride) for 24 hours. Following this, all specimens were placed in deionized water for additional 24 hours and fluoride release was measured. Results Storage in water led to increase in mass in all cases due to water uptake, with uptake varying with maturing time and material type. Storage in aqueous NaF led to variable results. Glass carbomer showed mass losses at all maturing times, whereas the conventional glass ionomer gained mass for some maturing times, and the resin-modified glass ionomer gained mass for all maturing times. All materials released fluoride into deionized water, with glass carbomer showing the highest release. For both types of glass ionomer, uptake of fluoride led to enhanced fluoride release into deionized water. In contrast, uptake by glass carbomer did not lead to increased fluoride release, although it was substantially higher than the uptake by both types of glass ionomer. Conclusions Glass carbomer resembles glass ionomer cements in its fluoride uptake behavior but differs when considering that its fluoride uptake does not lead to increased fluoride release.

Chlorhexidine and proanthocyanidin enhance the long-term bond strength of resin-based endodontic sealer

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of proanthocyanidin (PA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bond strength (BS), failure pattern, and resin-dentin interface morphology of the endodontic sealers EndoREZ and AH Plus after 24 h and 6 months of water storage. A total of 120 prepared bovine roots were divided into six groups: AH Plus, CHX+AH Plus, PA+AH Plus, EndoREZ, CHX+EndoREZ, and PA+EndoREZ. Dentin was treated for 1 or 5 min with 2% CHX or 15% PA, respectively. Roots were filled and stored in water for 24 h or 6 months (n = 10). Root slices were subjected to push-out test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were compared using two-way ANOVA and student's t-test (α = 5%). BS decreased over time for AH Plus and untreated EndoREZ (p < 0.05). At 24 h, AH Plus had higher BS than EndoREZ (p < 0.001), with no differences among treatments for both sealers (p > 0.05). At 6 months, EndoREZ had higher BS values for CHX and PA than control (p < 0.05). AH Plus had higher BS than EndoREZ (p < 0.001), while with CHX or PA, similar BS was observed in both sealers (p > 0.05). Cohesive and mixed failures were observed in all groups. SEM revealed sealer tags in the root dentin. In conclusion, BS decreased with time and AH Plus had higher BS than EndoREZ in untreated dentin; however, CHX or PA enhanced long-term BS of EndoREZ. Overall, dentin treatment affected failure pattern and resin-dentin interface morphology, particularly for EndoREZ.

Infiltration of white-spot-lesions and developmental enamel defects

ABSTRACT: Purpose: To provide an overview of different indications suitable for treatment with the technique of resin infiltration (Icon, DMG), such as white-spot lesions (WSL), enamel fluorosis, and molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), and to propose a valid and strategy feasible in dental surgeries for screening of dental color improvement and -stability. Method: A non-systematic review of the literature was performed to characterise inhibition of lesion progression, and the esthetic effects induced by resin infiltration of decalcified enamel, enamel fluorosis, and molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), using the online database Pubmed and a suitable search strategy. Database search was complemented by a hand-search of references of retrieved articles. Results: Of 34 retrieved articles, 29 were included in the review. Evidence of an assimilation of WSL color to surrounding enamel following infiltration is available on the level of RCTs, and the results were found to be stable in color with no significant changes over at least twelve months. Evidence of an esthetic improvement of fluorotic or MIH affected teeth is available on the level of case reports and case control studies. Conclusion: As a micro-invasive approach to infiltrate and seal different types of enamel lesions, with a subsequent improvement of the esthetic appearance, resin infiltration is considered to be a useful complementation of the dental therapeutic specter.

Profundidad de curado e interfaces en medios cementantes para incrustaciones de resina / Curing depth and interphases in luting agents for resin inlays

Los medios de fijación a base de resinas compuestas para cementado, no son más que una resina compuesta fluida, que contiene un menor porcentaje de relleno inorgánico. Es por esto que en la actualidad, algunos autores plantean el uso de resina compuesta de restauración como medio de fijación de restauraciones indirectas (inlay fabricado en cerómero). Dicha resina debe ser fluidificada con calor (50ºC), para posteriormente ser fotoactivada por un tiempo adecuado. Asimismo, como se trata de un material cuya reacción de polimerización sólo es activada por luz, surge la pregunta de si será capaz de ser fotoactivada eficazmente como para polimerizar correctamente, en especial en las zonas más profundas de la preparación cavitaria. El presente estudio busca analizar si existen diferencias en el grado de sellado marginal y en la profundidad de curado de restauraciones cementadas con un medio de fijación a base de resina, previa técnica de grabado y colocación de adhesivo y con una resina compuesta a través de la técnica fluidificada.

The fixing means based on composite resins for cementing, are nothing more than a fluid composite resin, which contains a lower percentage of inorganic filler. This is why, at present, some authors propose the use of composite resin restoration as a means of fixing indirect restorations (inlay made of ceramics). Said resin must be fluidized with heat (50 ° C), to be photoactivated for a suitable time. Also, since it is a material whose polymerization reaction is only activated by light, the question arises whether it will be able to be effectively photoactivated to properly polymerize, especially in the deeper areas of the cavity preparation. The present study aims to analyze if there are differences in the degree of marginal sealing and in the depth of cure of cemented restorations with a resin-based fixing medium, prior to etching and adhesive placement and with a composite resin through the fluidized technique.

Efeito da aplicação de diferentes materiais resinosos sobre o esmalte erodido, submetido à erosão e/ou abrasão in vitro e in situ / Effect of resin-based materials application against erosion/abrasion - a in vitro and in situ study

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em esmalte, a aplicação de materiais resinosos com e sem excesso, quando submetido à erosão de curta duração in vitro (subprojeto 1) e avaliar a resistência desses materiais quando submetidos à erosão e/ou abrasão em estudo prolongado in vitro (subprojeto 2) e in situ (subprojeto 3). O estudo foi desenvolvido com espécimes/blocos preparados a partir de esmalte bovino previamente erodidos (imersão em HCl 0,01 M, pH 2,3 por 30 s), os quais foram aleatorizados entre os grupos e tratados de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. No subprojeto 1 foram avaliados dois fatores: o tipo de tratamento (controle, selante de fossas e fissuras, sistema adesivo convencional de 3 passos, sistema adesivo autocondicionante e infiltrante) e a condição do material (com/sem remoção de material na superfície de esmalte). Em metade dos espécimes, após a aplicação dos materiais houve a remoção de seu excesso na superfície de esmalte, anteriormente à fotoativação. Após os tratamentos os espécimes foram submetidos à ciclagem erosiva por 5 dias (HCl 0,01 M, pH 2,3, por 2 min e saliva artificial por 2 h, 4 vezes/dia) e os resultados delinearam os demais sobreprojetos. No subprojeto 2 foram avaliados dois fatores: o tipo de tratamento (controle, selante de fossas e fissuras, sistema adesivo convencional de 3 passos e infiltrante) e o tipo de desgaste (erosão, abrasão, erosão/abrasão). Após os tratamentos, os espécimes sem remoção do excesso foram submetidos à ciclagem erosiva (HCl 0,01 M, pH 2,3, por 2 min e saliva artificial por 2 h, 4 vezes/dia), abrasiva (30 movimentos recíprocos, com força de 1,5 N e solução de slurry 1:3, dentifrício fluoretado) e associação de ambas (erosão 4 vezes/dia + 2 vezes/dia de abrasão) durante 30 dias. No subprojeto 3 foram avaliados três fatores: tipo de tratamento (controle, selante de fossas e fissuras, sistema adesivo convencional de 3 passos e infiltrante), o tipo de desgaste (erosão, erosão/abrasão) e o tempo de desafio (5 e 28 dias). Em uma única fase, 21 voluntários usaram um dispositivo palatino contendo os blocos de esmalte tratados sem remoção do excesso (uma fileira correspondia à erosão e a outra a erosão/abrasão, e cada uma continha 2 espécimes por tratamento). Durante 28 dias úteis de desafio, os blocos foram submetidos ex vivo à erosão (HCl 0,01 M, pH 2,3, por 2 min, e saliva humana por 2 h, 4 vezes/dia), e erosão/abrasão (erosão, 4 vezes/dia + 2 vezes/dia de abrasão, com movimentos oscilatórios por 15 s e solução de slurry 1:3, com dentifrício fluoretado), sendo que após os desafios e durante os finais de semana, os aparelhos permaneceram imersos em saliva artificial, totalizando 28 dias de ciclagem. Os resultados foram avaliados por perfilometria e os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA, seguido do teste Tukey (p <0,05). No subprojeto 1, observou-se que todos os materiais sem remoção do excesso formaram uma camada protetora sobre o esmalte, e após o desafio erosivo, permaneceram sobre a superfície inibindo a sua perda. Nos grupos onde o excesso de material foi removido, houve perda de esmalte no selante, adesivo convencional e infiltrante já após o tratamento, e todos os materiais nos quais o excesso foi removido houve perda de esmalte estatisticamente semelhante ao grupo controle, com exceção do selante, que promoveu menor perda de esmalte. No subprojeto 2, houve diferença na espessura de material após o tratamento, sendo que o adesivo foi o que apresentou maior espessura, seguido do selante e infiltrante. Após a fase in vitro, observou-se que a erosão/abrasão resultou em perda de esmalte significativamente maior que a erosão e esta, por sua vez, maior que a abrasão. Todos os materiais, independente do tipo de desgaste, se mantiveram após os 30 dias de desafio, porém, o adesivo foi o que sofreu maior perda em espessura, diferindo estatisticamente do selante e infiltrante. No subprojeto 3, houve diferença na espessura de material após o tratamento, sendo que o infiltrante foi o grupo que apresentou maior espessura, seguido do selante e depois do adesivo. Após a fase in situ, não houve diferença entre erosão e erosão/abrasão, e ao comparar os materiais, com 5 e 28 dias de desafio, não foi observada mudança significativa na espessura de material. A perda de esmalte foi superior com 28 dias de desafio. Considerando os resultados, conclui-se que os materiais resinosos aplicados sobre o esmalte erodido foram efetivos na inibição da perda de esmalte, quando submetidos a desafios erosivos associados ou não a abrasão in vitro e in situ.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the application of resin-based materials on enamel with and without removal of the excess subjected to short erosion in vitro (subproject 1) and to evaluate the resistance of these materials when subjected to erosion and/or abrasion in a prolonged study in vitro (subproject 2) and in situ (subproject 3). Specimens/blocks of bovine enamel previously eroded (immersion in 0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3 for 30 s) were randomized among groups and treated following the manufacturer's instructions. On subproject 1 there were 2 factors under study, type of treatment (control, sealant, self-etching adhesive, 3-step adhesive and infiltrant) and materials condition (with/without material excess removal). After materials application, in half of the specimens, the excess was removed, prior to polymerization. The specimens were subjected to erosive cycling for 5 days (0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3 for 2 min and artificial saliva for 2 h, 4 times/day). On the subproject 2, there were 2 factors under study, type of treatment (control, sealant, adhesive and infiltrant) and type of wear (erosion, abrasion, erosion/abrasion). After the treatments, the specimens were subjected to erosive cycling (0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3 for 2 min and artificial saliva for 2 h, 4 times/day), abrasive (30 reciprocal movements, force 1.5 N and slurry with fluoride dentifrice) and combination of both (erosion, 4 times/day + abrasion 2 times/day) for 30 days. On subproject 3, there were 3 factors under study, types of treatment (control, sealant, adhesive and infiltrant), type of wear (erosion, erosion/abrasion) and challenge time (5 and 28 days). In a single phase, 21 volunteers used a palatal appliance (one row corresponded to erosion and the other to erosion/abrasion, 2 specimens per treatment in each row). During 20 days of challenge, the blocks were subjected to erosion (0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3 for 2 min, and human saliva for 2 h, 4 times/day), and erosion/abrasion (erosion 4 times/day + abrasion 2 times/day with oscillatory motions for 15 s and slurry with fluoridated dentifrice). After the challenges and during the weekends, the appliance was kept immersed in artificial saliva. The results were evaluated by profilometry and the data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by the Tukeys test (p<0.05). On subproject 1, it was observed that all materials without excess removal formed a layer over enamel. After the erosive challenge this layer remained inhibiting enamel loss. Sealant, 3- steps adhesive and infiltrant with material excess removal showed enamel loss after treatment. All materials with excess removal, showed loss of enamel statistically similar to the control group, except for the sealant, that promoted minor enamel loss. On subproject 2, after the treatment, materials thickness showed significance differences. The adhesive had the highest thickness followed by the sealant and infiltrant. There was no significant difference between sealant and infiltrant. After the erosive challenge in vitro it was observed that erosion/abrasion resulted in significantly higher enamel loss than erosion, which was higher than abrasion. All materials, regardless wear conditions, were maintained after the 30 days of challenge, however, the adhesive showed greatest material thickness loss, statistically differing from the sealant and infiltrant. On subproject 3, the application of resin-based materials did not cause superficial enamel loss. After the erosive challenge, there was no difference between the conditions ERO and ERO + ABR (p=0.869). All materials promoted protection against erosion compared to control group (p=0.001). The infiltrant group showed a thicker layer of material above enamel compared to the other materials (p =0.001). Based on results, it is concluded that the resin-based materials applied onto enamel were effective in inhibiting enamel loss subjected to erosive challenges associated or not with abrasion in vitro and in situ.(AU)

Management of post-orthodontic white-spot-lesions: clinical handling of the resin infiltration technique (Icon®, DMG) / Manejo de lesiones de manchas blancas post-ortodoncia: manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon, DMG)

To treat initial caries lesions using the technique of resin infiltration for a restoration of natural enamel appearance. Case report of a 19 year old female who presented with moderate post-orthodontic white-spot lesions (WSLs) at the upper central and lateral incisors following two years of active treatment with a fixed orthodontic appliance, and requested an aesthetic improvement of decalcified enamel surfaces. The technique of resin infiltration (Icon®, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) is presented as a means for not only inhibiting lesion progression, but also for an adequate rehabilitation of dentofacial esthetics. Practical tips and cues for clinical handling of the infiltration technique are provided. Resin infiltration augments the therapeutic spectrum for orthodontist as well as pediatric or general dentists in that enamel areas affected by post-orthodontic WSLs can be restored to their original appearance.

El objetivo fue mostrar el tratamiento de lesiones de caries iniciales usando la técnica de infiltración de resina para una restauración de la apariencia natural del esmalte. Reporte de caso de una joven de 19 años de edad, de sexo femenino que presentó lesiones moderadas de manchas blancas (WSLs) en los incisivos centrales y laterales superiores, luego del tratamiento de ortodoncia con aparatos fijos por dos años, y solicitó una mejoría estética de las superficies descalcificadas del esmalte. La técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon®, DMG, Hamburgo, Alemania) se presenta como un medio efectivo, no sólo para inhibir la progresión de la lesión, sino también para una rehabilitación adecuada de la estética dentofacial. Se proporcionan además consejos prácticos y claves para el manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración. La infiltración de resina aumenta el espectro terapéutico del ortodoncista, así como de odontopediatras y odontólogos generales en las áreas del esmalte afectadas con WSLs post-ortodoncia y que pueden ser restauradas a su apariencia original.

Effect of new innovative restorative carbomised glass cement on intrapulpal temperature rise: an ex-vivo study

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the temperature changes that occurred in the pulp chamber when using GCP Glass Carbomer Fill (GCP) and two different resin-modified glass-ionomer (RGI) restorative materials at different dentin thicknesses. A standardized Class I occlusal cavity with 1 mm or 2 mm dentin thickness was prepared in the extracted human molar teeth. RGI and GCP fills were placed in the cavities and cured with two different light-curing units. This study included a total of 120 samples, with 20 samples in each group. The pulp microcirculation method was used for measuring the intrapulpal temperature changes. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD multiple comparison tests. Statistically significant differences were observed between 1 mm and 2 mm dentin thicknesses (p < 0.001). The GCP groups (both 1 mm and 2 mm dentin thicknesses) exhibited higher temperatures than the other groups (p < 0.001), and Fuji II LC and Photac Fil Quick Aplicap showed similar values (p > 0.05). The highest temperature changes were observed with 1 mm dentin thickness. While RGI materials in both dentin thicknesses did not cause temperature changes that were harmful to the pulp, GCP CarboLED LCU caused the highest intrapulpal temperature rise, and these values were borderline harmful to the dental pulp.

Influence of polyurethane resin dies on the fit and adaptation of full veneer crowns.

Context: Polyurethane resin is a possible alternative to type IV dental stone for fabrication of indirect restorations however its dimensional accuracy is questionable. Aim: The aim was to investigate the dimensional accuracy of silica filled polyurethane resin die material by evaluating the marginal fit and adaptation of indirect gold castings. Settings and Design: Experimental, in vitro study. Materials and Methods: Totally 40 copper plated replicas of a nickel chrome master die analogous to a veneer gold crown preparation were made and impressions recorded using polyvinylsiloxane material. Twenty impressions were poured in type IV dental stone (control group (Vel‑mix, Kerr, UK) and the remaining (n = 20) in silica filled polyurethane die material (test group) (Alpha Die MF, CA, USA). Gold castings were fabricated for each die using standardized techniques. The castings were seated on their respective copper plated dies, embedded in resin and sectioned. The specimens were analyzed by measuring marginal opening and the area beneath the casting at a ×63 magnification and using image analysis software. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using a Student’s t‑test. Results: No significant difference was observed between the experimental groups (P > 0.05). The mean marginal opening for type IV, dental stone and polyurethane resin, was 57 ± 22.6 μm and 63.47 ± 27.1 μm, respectively. Stone displayed a smaller area beneath the casting (31581 ± 16297 μm2) as compared to polyurethane resin (35003 ± 23039 μm2). Conclusions: The fit and adaptation of indirect gold castings made on polyurethane and type IV dental stone dies were comparable.

Push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin using glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer cements

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin after cementation with glass ionomer (GICs) and resinmodified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty human maxillary canines were transversally sectioned at 15 mm from the apex. Canals were prepared with a step back technique until the application of a #55 K-file and filled. Post spaces were prepared and specimens were divided into five groups according to the cement used for post cementation: Luting & Lining Cement; Fuji II LC Improved; RelyX Luting; Ketac Cem; and Ionoseal. After cementation of the glass fiber posts, all roots were stored at 100% humidity until testing. For push-out test, 1-mm thick slices were produced. The push-out test was performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute and the values (MPa) were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests and by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Fiber posts cemented using Luting & Lining Cement, Fuji II LC Improved, and Ketac Cem presented the highest bond strength to root dentin, followed by RelyX Luting. Ionoseal presented the lowest bond strength values (P>0.05). The post level did not influence the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin (P=0.148). The major cause of failure was cohesive at the cement for all GICs and RMGICs. CONCLUSIONS: Except for Ionoseal, all cements provided satisfactory bond strength values. .

Marginal microleakage of resin-modified glass-ionomer and composite resin restorations: Effect of using etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives.

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that dental adhesives increase the bond strength of resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) restorative materials to dentin. This in vitro study has evaluated the effect of etch-and-rinse and self-etch bonding systems v/s cavity conditioner, and in comparison to similar composite resin restorations on maintaining the marginal sealing of RMGI restorations. Materials and Methods: 98 rectangular cavities (2.5×3×1.5 mm) were prepared on buccal and palatal aspects of 49 human maxillary premolars, randomly divided into 7 groups (N=14). The cavities in groups 1, 2 and 3 were restored using a composite resin (APX). The cavities in groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 were restored using a resin-modified glass-ionomer (Fuji II LC). Before restoring, adhesive systems (Optibond FL = OFL, three-step etch-and-rinse; One Step Plus = OSP, two-step etch-and-rinse; Clearfil Protect Bond = CPB, two-step self-etch) were used as bonding agents in groups 1-6 as follow: OFL in groups 1 and 4, OSP in groups 2 and 5, and CPB in groups 3 and 6, respectively. The specimens in group 7 were restored with GC cavity conditioner and Fuji II LC. All the specimens were thermo-cycled for 1000 cycles. Microleakage scores were determined using dye penetration method. Statistical analyzes were carried out with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05). Results: There were significant differences in microleakage scores at both enamel and dentinal margins between the study groups (P<0.05). The lowest microleakage scores at enamel and dentin margins of RMGI restorations were observed in group 6. Conclusion: Use of two-step self-etch adhesive, prior to restoring cervical cavities with RMGIC, seems to be more efficacious than the conventional cavity conditioner in decreasing marginal microleakage.

Salivary Bisphenol-A Levels due to Dental Sealant/Resin: A Case-Control Study in Korean Children

Dental sealants and composite filling materials containing bisphenol-A (BPA) derivatives are increasingly used in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between salivary BPA and the number of tooth surfaces filled with dental sealant, and to determine a cutoff BPA level. Salivary BPA concentration and the number of tooth surfaces filled with dental sealant/resin were determined in 124 age and gender matched children: 62 controls had no dental sealant/resin on their tooth surfaces and 62 cases had more than 4 tooth surfaces with dental sealant/resin. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and conditional logistic regression were performed after controlling for age, gender, salivary flow rate, salivary buffer capacity, frequency of snacking, and frequency of tooth brushing. Salivary BPA levels were 0.002 to 8.305 microg/L. The BPA level of control (0.40 microg/L) was significantly lower than that of case (0.92 microg/L) after controlling for confounders (P = 0.026). Although the 90th BPA percentile had an adjusted OR of 4.58 (95% CI 1.04-20.26, P = 0.045), the significance disappeared in the conditional logistic model. There may be a relationship between salivary BPA level and dental sealant/resin.

Patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro en sellantes fluorados de resina / In vitro fluoride-release profile of fluoridated resin-based sealants

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la cantidad de fluoruros liberados por los principales sellantes de puntos y fisuras basados en resina comercialmente disponibles en Latinoamérica. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó la liberación de fluoruros in vitro en tres sellantes fluorados de puntos y fisuras: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) y Delton (D), sin flúor como control. Se utilizaron 28 discos de 12 mm de diámetro y 2 mm de espesor (n=7 por grupo). Las muestras fueron almacenadas en 5 ml de agua ultra de-ionizada con pH neutro a 37º C por 93 días. La liberación de fluoruros fue medida mediante un electrodo iónico selectivo a los 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 y 93 días. Los datos fueron analizados con el test ANOVA y Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: El patrón de liberación de flúor fue similar para los tres sellantes fluorados: una alta liberación durante las primeras 24 horas, que disminuyó bruscamente hacia el segundo día. Luego continuó con una disminución progresiva hasta el día 93. El primer día, FF liberó significativamente más fluoruros que HF. Entre los días 2 y 15 FF y HF liberaron significativamente más fluoruros que CF. Desde el día 28 en adelante, las diferencias de liberación de flúor no fueron significativas. Conclusión: El patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro es similar para los sellantes fluorados, con una elevada liberación durante los primeros dos días y luego, una marcada disminución en todos ellos. Este resultado podría explicar la falta de diferencias en la tasa de caries en pacientes tratados con sellantes de resina fluorados y no-fluorados observada en estudios clínicos.

Aim: To compare in vitro the amount of fluoride released from the main pit and fissure sealant resin-based on commercially available in Latin America. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight samples of 12 x 2 mm were made from three commercial fluoridated resin-based sealants: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) and without fluoride Delton (D), as a control. Samples were stored in 5 ml of deionized water at 37° C and neutral pH. Fluoride releases were measured at 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 and 93 days with an ion-selective electrode. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and one-way and Tukey (p<0.05). Results: Fluoride-release profiles were similar for the three fluoridated sealants: a high release rates during the first 24 hrs and then a drastic drop. Afterward, they continued with a progressive decrease until day 93. The first day, FF release significantly more fluoride than HF. Between days 2 and 15, CF release significantly less fluoride than FF and HF, and later, there was no significant differences between sealants (p>0.05). Conclusion: The fluoride-release profile is similar for the fluoridated resin-based sealants under study: a high release during the first two days and afterwards, a very slow release. These results can explain the lack of differences in caries rate between fluoridated and non-fluoridated resin-based sealants observed in clinical trials.

In vitro wear of Ionofil Molar AC quick glass-ionomer cement.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the three-body wear-resistance of one type of restorative glass-ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: Specimen including conventional GIC (Ionofil Molar AC Quick: IMACQ), hybrid ionomer (Fuji II LC), and composite resin (Heliomolar) were tested in a wearing machine. In this machine, a 6 kg load was applied via pressable chromium-cobalt bar at 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 40,000, 80,000, 120,000 cycles. Specimen weight was measured by an electronical weight balance before and after each cycle. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a t-test, and a paired t-test at P≤0.05. Results: The highest weight loss has been found in Fuji II LC, then in GIC IMACQ and the least wear rate has been reported in heliomolar composite in all cycles except 120,000 cycles. In 120,000 cycles, the highest weight loss was seen in GIC IMACQ, then Fuji II LC, and finally heliomolar composite. There was a statistically significant difference in weight loss between GIC IMACQ and heliomolar composite (P=0/001). Conclusion: The wear rate of GIC IMACQ was between those of heliomolar composite and Fuji II LC glass ionomer in all cycles except 120,000 cycles. The most important advantage of this new-generation glass ionomer is its good manipulability and also high wear-resistance compared to the hybrid ionomer. Therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as restorative material in class I restorations in primary teeth.

in vitro evaluation of marginal leakage using invasive and noninvasive technique of light cure glass ionomer and flowable polyacid modified composite resin used as pit and fissure sealant.

Aim: This study compared the microleakage of light cure glass ionomer and flowable compomer as pit and fissure sealant, with and without tooth preparation. Materials and Methods: One hundred premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purpose were used. After adequate storage and surface debridement, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups. In Group I and III, the occlusal surfaces were left intact, while in Group II and Group IV, tooth surfaces were prepared. Teeth in Group I and Group II were sealed with Light cure glass ionomer, whereas flowable compomer was used to seal teeth in Group III and IV. The sealed teeth were then immersed in dye. Subsequently, buccolingual sections were made and each section was examined under stereomicroscope for microleakage followed by scoring. Results: In group I, microleakage score ranged from 2 to 4 with mean of 3.64 (±0.757), while in group II the range was observed to be 1-4 with mean of 2.88 (±1.236). Group III recorded a range of 0-4 with the mean of 2.20 (±1.443) while 0-2 and 0.60 (±0.707) being the range and mean observed, respectively, for group IV. Conclusion: Flowable compomer placed after tooth preparation showed better penetration and less marginal leakage than the light cure glass ionomer.

Inorganic particle analysis of dental impression elastomers

The aim of this study was to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the inorganic particle fraction of commercially available dental elastomers. The inorganic volumetric fraction of two addition silicones (Reprosil Putty/Fluid and Flexitime Easy Putty/Fluid), three condensation silicones (Clonage Putty/Fluid, Optosil Confort/Xantopren VL and Silon APS Putty/Fluid), one polyether (Impregum Soft Light Body) and one polysulfide (Permlastic Light Body) was accessed by weighing a previously determined mass of each material in water before and after burning samples at 600ºC, during 3 h. Unsettled material samples were soaked in acetone and chloroform for removal of tthe organic portion. The remaining filler particles were sputter-coated with gold evaluation of their morphology and size, under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Flexitime Easy Putty was the material with the highest results for volumetric particle fraction, while Impregum Soft had the lowest values. Silon 2 APS Fluid presented the lowest mean filler size values, while Clonage Putty had the highest values. SEM micrographs of the inorganic particles showed several morphologies - lathe-cut, spherical, spherical-like, sticks, and sticks mixed to lathe-cut powder. The results of this study revealed differences in particle characteristics among the elastometic materials that could lead to different results when testing mechanical properties.

O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar quantitativamente e qualitativamente a fração de partículas inorgânicas de elastômeros dentais disponíveis comercialmente. A fração volumétrica de dois silicones por adição (Reprosil Denso/Fluído e Flexitime Denso/Fluído), três silicones por condensação (Clonage Denso/Fluído, Optosil/Xantopren, e Silon 2 APS Denso/Fluído), um poliéter (Impregum Soft Light) e um polissulfeto (Permlastic Light Body) foi determinada pela pesagem prévia de uma determinada massa de cada material em água antes e após a queima das amostras a 600ºC, por 3 h. Amostras de material não polimerizado foram imersas em acetona e clorofórmio para a remoção da parte orgânica. As partículas de carga remanescentes foram cobertas com uma camada de ouro para avaliação da sua morfologia e tamanho, em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O material Flexitime Denso foi o material com maior fração volumétrica de partículas de carga, enquanto que o Impregum teve menor fração volumétrica. Silon 2 APS Fluído apresentou partículas de carga de menor tamanho, enquanto que o Clonage Denso apresentou as maiores partículas. A observação em MEV. mostrou partículas de carga com vários tipos de morfologia (esféricas, irregulares, semi-esféricas, retangulares e mistura de retangulares/irregulares). Os resultados desse estudo mostraram diferenças nas partículas de carga dos materiais, as quais podem levar a diferentes resultados em suas propriedades mecânicas.

Comparing and evaluating six methods of extracting human genomic DNA from whole blood / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#Comparing the differences in purity and yield among six methods of extracting human genomic DNA from whole blood, which included Classic Phenol-chloroform extraction, modified combined technique composed of improved Phenol-chloroform extraction and Chelex-100 extraction, Chelex-100 extraction, IQ, Qiagen and SP.@*METHODS@#Ten samples of intravenous whole blood (5 mL/sample) were collected and human genomic DNA was extracted with these six methods. The purity and concentration of the DNA products were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and fluorescent quantitation technique, the yield was calculated and tested with statistical software.@*RESULTS@#The Chelex-100 extraction was inferior in DNA purity to other methods while the other five methods showed no statistical difference. Modified combined technique was the poorest and IQ was the best in yield among the six methods of extraction. Statistical result showed that the extraction with high quality kits was better than that with classic Phenol-chloroform extraction, Chelex-100 extraction and modified combined technique composed of improved Phenol-chloroform. There was statistical difference between them.@*CONCLUSION@#Comparing to Phenol-chloroform extraction and Chelex-100 extraction, high quality kits are more useful in DNA extraction from forensic materials.

The application of three methods combined for extracting DNA from human epithelium / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To improve DNA extraction from human epithelium.@*METHODS@#Chelex-100, Chelex-100 organic combined and Chelex-100 magnetism pearl combined methods were adopted according to the situation of each case.@*RESULTS@#With the stepwise extracting protocol, the trace amount of DNA was analyzed most efficiently and the success rate of DNA extracting was better improved.@*CONCLUSION@#The efficiency of DNA extraction from human epithelium could be greatly improved by modifying the extracting protocol such as purification and concentration based on previous results.

Effect of gamma irradiation on fluoride release and antibacterial activity of resin dental materials

This study evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation on fluoride release and antibacterial activity of FluroShield (FS) and Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB). Four groups were formed: G1-FS + gamma; G2-FS without gamma; G3-CPB + gamma; G4-CPB without gamma. For fluoride release analysis, 12 disks of each material were prepared and covered with nail polish, except for one side (50.4 mm² area). G1 and G3 were sterilized with a 14.5 KGy dose at 27ºC for 24 h, while G2 and G4 (controls) were not sterilized and were maintained under the same time and temperature conditions. Fluoride release measurements were made in duplicate (n=6) by an ion specific electrode. The antibacterial activity of the CPB and FS against Streptococcus mutans after gamma sterilization was evaluated by the agar-disc diffusion method. The diameter of the zones of microbial growth inhibition was recorded after 48 h. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=5 percent). Gamma sterilization decreased the fluoride release of FS by approximately 50 percent, while CPB was not affected. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the antibacterial effect of CPB between gamma and non-gamma sterilization groups. FS presented no antibacterial activity. Gamma irradiation decreased the fluoride release of FS, but did not affect the antibacterial activity of the studied materials.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da esterilização com raios-gama na liberação de flúor e atividade antibacteriana de materiais resinosos, Fluroshield (FS) e Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB). Quatro grupos foram formados: G1-FS e gama; G2-FS sem gama; G3-CPB e gama; G4-CPB sem gama. Doze discos de cada material foram preparados para análise de liberação de flúor, os quais foram cobertos com esmalte de unha, exceto em um lado com 50,4 mm² de área. G1 e G3 foram esterilizados com dose de 14,5 KGy por 24 h/27ºC, enquanto G2 e G4 (controles) não foram esterilizados e foram mantidos sob as mesmas condições de tempo e temperatura. As leituras de liberação de flúor foram feitas em duplicata (n=6) por um eletrodo específico. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo teste de difusão em agar. Os halos de inibição foram medidos após 48 h. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (α=5 por cento). A esterilização gama diminuiu a liberação de flúor de FS em cerca de 50 por cento, enquanto CPB não foi afetado. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos esterilizados e controle no efeito antibacteriano do CPB. FS não apresentou atividade antibacteriana. A esterilização gama diminuiu a liberação de flúor de FS, mas não afetou a atividade antibacteriana dos materiais estudados.